Producing emotional tears is a universal and uniquely human behavior. Until recently, tears have received little serious attention from scientists. Here, we summarize recent theoretical developments and research findings. The evolutionary approach offers a solid ground for the analysis of the functions of tears. This is especially the case for infant crying, which we address in the first part of this contribution. We further elaborate on the antecedents and functions of emotional tears in adults. The main hypothesis that emerges from (...) this overview is that crying evolved as an emotional expression that signals distress and promotes prosocial behaviors in conspecifics. Further, shedding tears may influence the mood of the crier and his/her outlook on life primarily as a consequence of fulfillment of the proposed signaling function of tears. We also describe how cultural phenomena such as ritual weeping nicely fit within this framework, as they often aim to support a request for help to a powerful person or deity and promote social bonding. (shrink)

Ais diese Schrift verfaBt wurde,l hatte die Husserl-Forschung noch nicht die Verbreitung von heute. Selbst in Deutschland muBte das in den wirren Zeiten des Dritten Reiches erstickte und in der ersten N achkriegszeit nur langsam aufkeimende Interesse fUr die Ph'nomenologie Husserls wiederbelebt und vertieft wer­ den. Dagegen sind in den letzten zehn J ahren viele Schriften und eine Reihe interessanter Studien sowohl zur Ph'nomenologie Edmund Husserls als auch zum Problem der Philosophie und Wissenschaft sowie zum Verh'ltnis von Wissenschaft und Ge­ (...) schichte erschienen. Eine Auseinandersetzung mit alI diesen Ar­ beiten konnte nicht mehr in den Text der vorliegenden Abhand­ lung aufgenommen werden, aber die fiir die behandelte Problema­ tik relevanten Arbeiten sind dennoch bei der Vorbereitung des Textes fiir den Druck herangezogen worden. Im Text sind neben sprachlichen Verbesserungen auch einige Stellen sachlich erg'nzt worden, wobei auf die neuerscheinende Literatur verwiesen werden konnte. Die urspriingliche Dissertation ist durch einen neuen Abschnitt iiber "Das Problem der Geschichte bei Husserl, Hegel und Marx" erweitert worden. Daraus erkl'rt sich die Ab'nderung des friihe­ ren Titels in "Wissenschaft und Geschichte in der Ph'nomenologie Edmund Husserls. "2 Mit der Titel'nderung solI aber nicht der Eindruck erweckt werden, als ob "Philosophie als strenge Wissen­ schaft" nicht ein zentrales Thema der Husserlschen Ph'nomeno- 1 Sie ist im Sommersemester 1962 von der Philosophischen Fakult't der Universi­ t't K'ln unter dem TiteI "Das Problem der Philosophie als strenger Wissenschajt in der Ph'nomenologie Edmund Husserls" als Dissertation angenommen worden. (shrink)

When people are asked to estimate the probabilities of uncertain events, they often neglect the additivity principle, which requires that the probabilities assigned to an exhaustive set of outcomes should add up to 100%. Previous studies indicate that additivity neglect is dependent on response format, self-generated probability estimates being more coherent than estimates on rating scales. The present study made use of eye-tracking methodology, recording the movement, frequency and duration of fixations during the solution of ten additivity problems and two (...) control tasks. Participants produced more non-additive estimates in the Scale format than in the Self-generated format. Self-generated estimates also led to longer decision time and a higher number of repeated inspections, suggesting a deliberate comparison process. In contrast, the Scale format seemed to encourage a case-based approach where each outcome is evaluated in isolation. (shrink)

Breda, H. L. v. Laudatio für Ludwig Landgreb und Eugen Fink.--Farber, M. The goal of a complete philosophy of experience.--Sinha, D. Phenomenology.--Biemel, W. Reflexionen zur Lebenswelt-Thematik.--Cho, K. K. Über das Bekannte oder nachdenkliches zum Problem der Vorstruktur.--Fink, E. Weltbezug und Seinsverständnis.--Gurwitsch, A. On the systematic unity of the sciences.--Patocka, M. J. Zur ältesten Systematik der Seelenlehre.--Volkmann-Schluck, K.-H. Das Ethos der Demokratie.--Brand, G. Zur mythologischen Rationalität der Praxis.--Pažanin, A. Das Problem der Geschichte bei Husserl, Hegel und Marx.--Groothoff, H.-H. Phänomenologie und Pädagogik.

Muslims living in England are living in a predicament. On the onehand, they have to face the reality that the laws governing the family institutionare secular in nature. This poses a threat to their identity and freedom ofreligion. On the other hand, they are commanded by Islam to settle theirdisputes according to its laws and principles. However, this is unrealistic,simply due to the fact that the only recognized legal system in England isthe English Law. To circumvent this situation, certain Muslim (...) scholars andcommunities have established quasi-judicial courts, acting in the capacity ofmediators, counsellors, arbitrators and even judges, in order to settle maritaldisputes. These courts, known as Shariah councils, provide a modern approachto alternative dispute resolution, whereby Muslim families and individualscan have their disputes resolved amicably. It was also set up as a response forMuslims to adapt to life under the English secular laws in which they live in,that do not afford them the right of having a Sharʑah-based institution. Onesuch Shariah council offering a modern approach to settling marital disputesamicably is the Islamic Council of Europe. The researcher conducted anin-depth interview with the said council and was able to collect a couple ofarbitrational cases and analysed them in order to give a better understandinginto its inner workings, its structural set-up and operation. Hence, this paperaims to critically and juristically analyse them from an Islamic legal maximperspective while taking the Muslim minority context into consideration. (shrink)